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Abstract
Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation has become an integral part of secondary treatment of cardiovascular heart disease. Despite evidence demonstrating that cardiac rehabilitation improves prognoses, reduces disease progression and helps patients to find a new foothold in life, many patients do not enrol. Face-to-face interventions can encourage patients to enrol; however, it is unclear which strategies have been developed, how they are structured in a hospital context and whether they target the life-world of the patients. The objective of this scoping review is to map and evaluate the nature and characteristics of studies that have reported on face-to-face interventions to encourage patients to enrol in cardiac rehabilitation.
Methods and analysis This review will be guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Methodology for Scoping Reviews. A search strategy developed in cooperation with a research secretary will be applied in six databases including studies published from 2000 in English, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and German with no restriction on publication type or study design. Studies involving adult patients with ischaemic heart disease or heart failure will be included. Studies providing the intervention after enrolment in cardiac rehabilitation will be excluded. Study selection will be performed independently by two reviewers. Data will be extracted by two reviewers using predefined data charting forms. The presentation of data will be a narrative summary of the characteristics and key findings to facilitate the integration of diverse evidence, and as we deem appropriate will be supported by a diagrammatic or tabular presentation.
Ethics and dissemination This scoping review will use data from existing publications and does not require ethical approval. Results will be reported through publication in a scientific journal and presented on relevant conferences and disseminated as part of future workshops with professionals involved in communication with patients about enrolment in cardiac rehabilitation.
- ischaemic heart disease
- heart failure
- rehabilitation medicine
- coronary heart disease
- myocardial infarction
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- ischaemic heart disease
- heart failure
- rehabilitation medicine
- coronary heart disease
- myocardial infarction
Strength and limitations of this study
This protocol outlines a rigorous design that includes the use of an established scoping review methodology and a search strategy developed in cooperation with a research librarian.
The search strategy has no restrictions to study design, includes five different languages and will cover six different databases.
As this review is inclusive to all study types and aims to provide an overview of the landscape of interventions to encourage enrolment in cardiac rehabilitation a quality assessment will not be performed.
While the review will be non-discriminant towards article study types and methodologies, a limitation of the study is that books and grey literature will not be included.
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Each year ischaemic heart disease gives rise to an estimated 8.92 million deaths globally1 and the estimated 1-year mortality in people living with heart failure is 20%–30%.2 People living with ischaemic heart disease and heart failure are likely to experience diminished quality of life, readmissions and debilitating symptoms.3 4 Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is evidenced to reduce mortality, reduce the risk of readmission, improve quality of life5 6 and it can reduce anxiety and depression; conditions found to worsen the prognosis for survival after cardiac events.7 As such since the beginning of the millennium participation CR has been acknowledged as a crucial therapeutic tool.8 However, despite significant improvement in prognoses and personal benefits from participating in CR, many patients do not enrol.9
The treatment of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure has been significantly improved over the last decades and aims to limit disease progression, prevent or reduce complications and to eliminate ischaemic symptoms. The primary treatment is medical therapy, device therapy and surgical revascularisation, whereas CR is becoming an integral part of standard secondary treatment targeting risk modification to promote recovery and prevent further cardiac events.10 11 CR programmes include education, counselling and behavioural strategies to improve health behaviour in relation to nutrition, smoking, stress and training, and is offered to assist patients with heart disease to move forward and live healthy and satisfying lives.12 Participating in CR helps patients find a new foothold in life.13 Attendees feel supported by being with peers during the course of the rehabilitation programme and from the knowledge and encouragement they receive from the CR staff.14 However, though the benefits from participation in CR are manifest, less than half of patients participate15–17 and there is a need to consider strategies to encourage more patients to enrol.
Barriers for participation in CR seem to be multiple and complex and appear across factors such as age, social position and culture. Particularly women, people older than 70 years, younger people, smokers, people with more comorbidity, people with reduced functioning, people living alone, unemployed people and people who have a lower income are more likely to abstain from participation.18 Contextual factors such as distance, transportation difficulties, family commitment and opinions of significant others are reported to be barriers for enrolling in CR.19 Though systematised referral is found to be a key to secure that patients enrol in CR,18 many patients abstain from participation even when systematised referral is implemented in hospital practices.9 The combination of systematised referral and discussions between the individual patient and a healthcare professional, the so called ‘liaison’ strategies, have been found more effective than systematised referral on its own, and the incorporation of these interventions into standard, in-hospital pathways has been recommended.20 Particularly interventions involving at least some elements of face-to-face contact and when delivered by healthcare professionals have proven to promote enrolment.21 A key recommendation developed through a joint International Council and Canadian Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation consensus process to increase enrolment in CR was the implementation of face-to-face interventions.22
Studies on face-to-face interventions are limited21 and the strategies used to influence enrolment vary, for example, the provision of education and advice about CR,23 social support,24 25 the targeting of patients’ intention to enrol,26 their illness perception,27 self-efficacy,24 and beliefs about CR,28 29 or the focusing on individual barriers for enrolment.26 Some studies proven to be effective in increasing enrolment rates use psychologically based behavioural theories to guide the development of the intervention, that is, Banduras theory of self-efficacy,24 Leventhal’s self-regulation theory27 and theory of planned behaviour.26 However, interventions targeting patients’ behaviour, intentions to attend and health belief may fail to convey how CR can be connected with their everyday life.30 The experience of health in a person’s life goes beyond the modification of risks and intentions to live a life without disease,31 and when patients make decisions regarding their participation in CR, existential thoughts concerning their own well-being and suffering can be essential.32 Hence, it seems pivotal that development of interventions take into account a person’s life-world and contemplate both patients’ agency and vulnerability.33
For the patients participation may conflict with their emotions, beliefs or sense of identity30 and thoughts about one’s own mortality, and a wish to get back to normal and avoid worries have proven to be a barrier for participation in CR. Additional barriers are documented to be patients’ experiences of the nature and suitability of the programme; accessibility; negative experiences of the healthcare professionals providing the services; and the view that CR is beneficial for others than one self, for example, those who are more fit or more ill.14 Though these barriers perceived by patients are acknowledged to influence their decision to enrol,14 they rarely are targeted,34 and a person-oriented approach where patients’ experiences and knowledge are taken into account is called for when barriers for enrolment are addressed.35
In-hospital face-to-face strategies to encourage participation in CR and bridge the gap between referral and enrolment are emerging. However, not much is known about the current scope of face-to-face interventions developed to facilitate enrolment in CR, their characteristics and content, how they are structured in a hospital context and whether they are effective. A preliminary search of PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the JBI Evidence Synthesis identified a systematic review updated in 2019 on interventions to promote utilisation of CR. However, the study only included randomised controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of interventions to increase utilisation and only briefly considered the characteristics of the studies.21 No current or underway scoping reviews or systematic reviews on the topic of this scoping review were identified.
There is a need to gather the knowledge and experience from existing intervention studies to improve and develop interventions including how to support a person-oriented approach. The mapping and evaluation of evidence on face-to-face interventions encouraging patients to enrol in CR will provide an overview and a greater understanding of the use and characteristics of existing interventions and/or identify gaps of importance for future research. Also, an understanding of the outcomes evaluated in the current literature will aid clinicians in understanding the applicability of face-to-face interventions. With this scoping review we aim to map and evaluate the nature and characteristics as well as the outcomes evaluated of studies that have reported on face-to-face interventions to encourage enrolment in CR.
Methods and analysis
The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews36 and will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).37 We follow the JBI reviewer’s manual to secure a contemporary methodological framework promoting clarity and rigour of the review process and to facilitate knowledge transfer to research and practice. The steps outlined in the JBI reviewer’s manual to be used are: (1) identifying the research question; (2) developing the inclusion criteria; (3) defining the search strategy; (3) study selection; (4) data extraction; and (5) presentation of the results.
Patient and public involvement
Patients or the public were not involved in the design of our research and no plans exist for patients or public involvement in the conduct, or reporting, or dissemination.
Review questions
The primary objective of this scoping review is to map and evaluate the nature and characteristics of studies that have reported on face-to-face interventions to encourage enrolment in CR. However, the review also will provide a narrative view on the extent of the evaluations of the interventions and a descriptive review of the effectiveness. The scoping review will map evidence pertaining to the following research questions:
What is the extent, range and nature of literature on face-to-face interventions to encourage enrolment in CR for adults with ischaemic heart disease and heart failure?
What are the characteristics of the interventions?
What factors considered to influence enrolment are targeted?
What patient-experienced barriers and facilitators known to influence enrolment are targeted?
How are patients’ experiences and knowledge taken into account?
What outcomes are evaluated?
What similarities and/or differences across the interventions exist?
The primary focus of this review is to make an account of existing interventions and their contents. Both experimental, quantitative and qualitative study designs can provide evidence relevant to the objective of this study design.
Inclusion criteria
Participants
This review will consider studies that include adults (older than 18 years). We include studies with participants with heart failure, participants who have had a myocardial infarction, have undergone surgical revascularisation (coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention), or who have angina pectoris or ischaemic heart disease defined by angiography, and who after surgery or medical treatment will be or have been offered a CR referral. Within these studies, information about intervention characteristics, participants’ experiences and barriers for enrolment will be included. Studies focusing on participants that have already enrolled in a CR programme will be excluded. We will exclude studies which only include participants with atrial fibrillation or with heart transplants, implanted with cardiac-resynchronisation therapy or defibrillators, or who have had heart valve surgery.
Concept
This review will consider studies that investigate or explore face-to-face interventions including online face-to-face interventions performed by healthcare providers to encourage enrolment in CR. At least some part of the intervention should be face-to-face but can also take place in combination with other follow-up strategies, that is, telephone calls. This review will consider studies that are based in a hospital setting in any geographical area. Studies only providing the intervention outside the hospital, that is, providing home visits, will be excluded. In-hospital includes telephone calls or other contacts from hospital healthcare providers to patients as a follow-up on a face-to-face intervention.
Context
CR is defined as a supervised or unsupervised inpatient, outpatient, community-based or home-based intervention which includes some form of exercise training that is applied to a cardiac patient population. CR could be exercise training alone or exercise training in addition to psychosocial or educational interventions, or both (ie, ‘comprehensive CR’).
Types of sources
This scoping review will consider quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods study designs for inclusion. In addition, systematic reviews will be considered for inclusion in the proposed scoping review. Text (eg, political documents or government recommendation) and opinion papers will be excluded. Articles published in English, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and German will be included. Only studies published in 2000 or later will be included.
Search strategy
The search strategy will aim to locate both published primary studies and reviews in databases with peer-reviewed literature. An initial limited search of PubMed and CINAHL (EBSCO) will be undertaken to identify articles on the topic. The text words contained in the titles and abstracts of relevant articles, and the index terms used to describe the articles will be used to develop a full search strategy for the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PsycINFO and PEDro. The research strategy will be developed and refined in cooperation with a research librarian and will be adapted for each included information source. The preliminary search strategy for PubMed is presented in table 1. Only English search terms will be used. The reference lists of articles included in the review will be screened for additional papers followed by a search of cited citations in Google Scholar. Authors of included studies will be contacted if further information about the study is required. A complete search strategy for CINAHL is presented in table 1.
Search strategy for CINAHL CINAHL (EBSCO host)
Source of evidence selection
Following the search, all identified records will be collated and uploaded into the software management programme Covidence. After removing duplicates, titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers for assessment against the inclusion criteria for the review. Potentially relevant papers will be retrieved in full text and will be assessed in detail against the inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Reasons for exclusion of full-text papers that do not meet the inclusion criteria will be recorded and reported. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers at any stage of the selection process will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. The results of the search will be reported in full in the final scoping review and presented in a PRISMA-ScR flow diagram37
Data extraction
Data will be extracted from papers included in the scoping review by two independent reviewers using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. The data extracted will include specific details about adults included in studies on face-to-face interventions to encourage enrolment in CR. For clinical trials, observational studies and descriptive studies study characteristics, that is, design, purpose and main outcomes, as well as intervention characteristics, that is, intervention components and strategies. Additionally, key findings relevant to the review question will be extracted. For qualitative studies also experiences, barriers and facilitators will be extracted. Draft extraction tools are provided (see tables 2 and 3). The draft data extraction tools will be modified and revised as necessary during the process of extracting data from each included paper. Modifications will be detailed in the full scoping review. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. The authors of the included papers will be contacted to request missing or additional data, where required.
Data extraction instrument for clinical trials and observational/descriptive studies
Data extraction instrument for qualitative studies
Presentation of the results
The process of identification, selection and exclusion of full text studies will be visualised in a PRISMA flow diagram. We will present the findings in a narrative form with a description of the face-to-face interventions and their relation to the review objective and questions. A summary of the extracted data, key concepts and recommendations will be provided, and an effort will be made to identify knowledge gaps. A description of common themes and differences across the interventions will be provided. Key findings will be mapped and presented in diagrammatic or tabular form as we deem appropriate considering the nature of the findings. The tables for data presentation will be developed in a refined version based on the data charting forms presented in tables 2 and 3.
Ethics and dissemination
Since the scoping review methodology aims at synthesising information from publicly available publications, this study does not require ethical approval. In terms of dissemination activities, an article reporting the results of the scoping review will be submitted for publication to a scientific journal and presented at relevant conferences. We expect the results of the scoping review will provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence base of face-to-face interventions to encourage enrolment in CR and to highlight areas where evidence is missing. The results may be of interest for health professionals interested in planning and delivering evidence based and effective interventions to encourage participation in CR. For this reason, the results will be also disseminated as part of future workshops with professionals involved in communicating with patients about CR.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
We thank Research Secretary Line Jensen, Department of Research, Horsens Hospital, Denmark for proofreading and Librarian, Karin Friis Velbæk, Medical Library, Viborg Regional Hospital for assisting in producing the literature search plan.
References
Footnotes
Contributors BR drafted the protocol and was the main writer of the manuscript and responsible for the initial design of this study. BT and SJH contributed to the conceptualisation of the review design, specifically in establishing the inclusion and exclusion criteria. BR executed the draft search strategy. BT contributed to developing the extraction criteria, provided feedback on the background section, and revised the manuscript for content and clarity. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript prior to submission.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.