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Abstract
Aims Group B streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most frequent bacterial pathogens causing invasive infections in neonates. It can be transmitted from colonised mother to neonates around delivery. Screening strategies for GBS during pregnancy include either universal culture-based or risk-based screening. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and current practices of pregnant women towards GBS screening in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia.
Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia, from May to July 2018. Participants were recruited from postnatal wards. Participants were interviewed using a previously published validated survey that was divided into the following domains: demographic data, knowledge, experience and attitude towards different GBS screening strategies.
Results A total of 377 out of 450 women (response rate 83.7%) were enrolled. The results showed that the overall mean knowledge score of the pregnant women towards GBS screening was 59.8%. Majority of the women (66.8%) were not aware of the GBS bacterium, while 86.5% of them had never been informed of GBS risk assessment during their pregnancies. The mean knowledge score among women who were aware of GBS (62.8%) was significantly higher than that among women who were not (58.4%) (p=0.015). However, majority of the pregnant women (61.8%) showed preference for universal culture-based GBS screening strategy over risk-based strategy.
Conclusion The study results have concluded that the level of awareness and knowledge about GBS among pregnant women were relatively poor; however, majority of the pregnant women prefer universal culture-based screening.
- group B streptococcus screening
- pregnant women
- Saudi Arabia
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Strengths and limitations of this study
In Saudi Arabia, there are no national guidelines on GBS screening strategy during pregnancy (ie, universal culture-based vs risk-based).
To our knowledge, this study is the first study conducted in Saudi Arabia to assess pregnant women’s knowledge, attitude and current practices regarding GBS screening in Saudi Arabia.
The study results are limited because it was conducted in a postnatal department in only one hospital of Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
A larger sample size and more hospitals are recommended for future studies.
Introduction
Group B streptococcus (GBS) (also known as Streptococcus agalactiae) is a Gram-positive bacterium that colonises the human gastrointestinal and genital tracts. GBS is the most common bacterial pathogen causing invasive infections in newborn infants during the first week of life.1 Maternal colonisation has been found to be a major risk factor for invasive GBS disease in neonates.2 Approximately 20%–30% of pregnant women are colonised with GBS in the vagina, rectum or both.3 Invasive neonatal GBS infection can be described as either early-onset sepsis (EOGBS) (ie, occurs in the first week of life) or late-onset sepsis (ie, occurs after the first week of life).4 The rate of peripartum transmission of GBS to newborns of colonised women is approximately 50%, and about 1%–2% of the neonates born to these mothers develop EOGBS.5
The case fatality rate for EOGBS is approximately 22% among Africans, 11% among Americans and 7% among the European population.6 EOGBS commonly presents with sepsis without focus in 80%–85% and pneumonia without sepsis in 10% or both in 35%–50%, while late-onset GBS infection is more likely to present with meningitis and septicaemia6
The risk of EOGBS reduces with the use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP).7 There are two approaches for GBS screening and IAP: risk-based screening strategy and universal culture-based screening strategy.8 Universal culture-based screening strategy is defined as screening of all pregnant women for GBS infection by culture testing at 35–37 weeks’ gestation, and decisions to administer IAP are based on a positive GBS culture. On the other hand, in risk-based screening strategy, IAP is administered based on risk factors that increase likelihood of early-onset GBS infection (ie, premature delivery at<37 weeks gestation, maternal fever at >38°C and rupture of membranes for >18 hours). Under both strategies, IAP is recommended for women with GBS bacteriuria at any time during their current pregnancy or for women who had given birth previously to an infant with invasive EOGBS.8
The incidence of EOGBS in USA decreases from 1.7 cases per 1000 live births to 0.5 case per 1000 live births with the risk-based approach.8 However, the incidence decreased further to 0.3–0.4 case per 1000 live births after the implementation of universal culture-based screening.8 For these reasons, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other professional bodies in the United States (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and the American Academy of Paediatrics) recommend the universal culture-based screening approach since 2002.9–11 A recent study published in 2019, from US, showed further decrease in the incidence of EOGBS to 0.23 per 1000 live births in 2015.12
On the other hand, the Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecology in UK and other professional bodies outside North America recommends risk-based GBS screening strategy.13
In Saudi Arabia, there are no national guidelines on GBS screening strategy during pregnancy (ie, universal culture-based vs risk-based). So, the screening practices are variable among institutions.14 In Saudi Arabia, antenatal care takes place at different healthcare settings (ie, primary healthcare centres, private sectors or governmental hospitals). Pregnant women have the right to choose where to follow up during pregnancy. It is done by physicians, including general practitioners and specialised obstetric and gynaecologists.
There is little known about Saudi women’s attitude, knowledge and acceptance of GBS screening. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the current knowledge, practices and attitude of pregnant women towards GBS screening during pregnancy in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
Study design
This is a cross-sectional study conducted at Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital (MMCH), Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia, from 1 May to 31 July 2018.
Study participants
A total of 450 pregnant women who were in the postnatal department at MMCH during the study period were invited to participate in the study. Women who did not speak Arabic or English were excluded. The agreement to complete the interview was considered as consent after verbal explanation of the nature and purpose of the study.
Patient and public involvement statement
No patients or public agency were involved in the research team. However, the study aimed to measure public awareness regarding GBS infections during pregnancy. Results of this study may influence public health stakeholders to take further actions to address issues related to GBS screening during pregnancy in Saudi Arabia.
Study questionnaire
Each participant was interviewed by one member of the research team using a validated survey from a previously published study.15 The questionnaire was divided into four sections: demographic data and obstetric history, knowledge assessment questions, awareness and previous experience with GBS screening, and attitude towards different GBS screening strategies (ie, universal culture-based strategy vs risk-based strategy).
Women’s knowledge was assessed using six (true/false) questions and two multiple choice questions that measure their knowledge on the risk, transmission mode, consequences and treatment of GBS infections. Participants’ answers were rewarded with three points for each correctly answered question and zero for the incorrectly answered ones. The sum of these scores ranges from 0 to 24, which was converted into percentage. Knowledge score means, along with 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles, were used to describe knowledge outcome. As knowledge scores were normally distributed (online supplementary appendix table 1 and figure 1) and to analyse knowledge outcome using the binary logistic regression analysis, the 75% score was considered as the passing score based on the 75th percentile. Participants’ awareness was assessed by a single (yes/no) question.
Supplemental material
Participants’ experience was assessed on the basis of following six items (yes/no questions):
Previous or current GBS colonisation.
Receiving information about GBS risk assessment during current pregnancy.
Receiving information about GBS risk assessment during delivery.
Request by caring healthcare worker to undergo GBS testing.
Being tested for GBS after being requested.
Receiving the test result after being done.
To simplify the multivariate binary logistic regression, the non-linear categorical principal components analysis was conducted on these six items using statistical data analysis software (SPSS V.21). Each item was considered as one exposure to GBS. Then, the exposure score was transformed into a scale range between 1 and 100 (structural equation modelling confirmatory factor analysis is shown in the online supplementary appendix, p2).
Study procedure
The questionnaire was filled during the interview by interviewers. The interviewers were three of the authors. After completing the first three sections of the questionnaire (ie, demographic data and obstetric history, knowledge assessment questions, awareness and previous experience with GBS screening), information about GBS and GBS screening strategies (ie, risk-based and universal culture-based GBS screening) were explained to the participants, including advantages and disadvantages of both strategies. Women’s attitude towards different GBS screening strategies was assessed by direct question about which strategy they would prefer.
Statistical analysis
IBM statistical data analysis software, SPSS V.21, was used for analysis. Means and SDs were used to describe metric continuous variables (ie, knowledge scores) and percentages for categorical and binary variables (ie, demographic variables, obstetric variables, awareness and questions about previous experience with GBS screening).
Univariate chi-square test (χ2) goodness-of-fit non-parametric test was employed to assess the distribution of the women's answers for statistically significant difference from equal (50% correct answer: 50% incorrect answer chances). Pearson’s products moments tests were used to assess the correlations between continuous variables. The chi-square test (χ2) test of independence was used to assess the association between categorical variables. One-way analysis of variance test was used to assess the multilevel categorical variables for mean differences on continuously measured variables.
Binary multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the individual and combined associations between the independent variables (women’s demographics, obstetric history and past experiences score) and the dependent variables (participants’ awareness of GBS and the odds of scoring more than the 75th percentile in GBS knowledge questions).
Results
During the study period, a total of 377 out of 450 women (response rate 83.7%) were enrolled and completed the interview. The demographic data and obstetric history of the women are shown in table 1.
Demographic and obstetric characteristics of the participants (N=377)
The overall mean knowledge score for women was 59.8% (SD=16.3). The 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles for scores were 50 %, 63% and 75%, respectively (online supplementary appendix table 1). Thirty-five participants (9.3%) scored more than the 75th percentile. Table 2 shows univariate χ2 analysis of knowledge questions. Majority of women (62%) had incorrect answers regarding meningitis as a complication of GBS infection in neonates (p<0.001). Of the women, 60.5% incorrectly believed that GBS is a sexually transmitted diseases (p<0.001). Also, about 60% of the participants did not know when antibiotic prophylaxis should be given for colonized or at risk pregnant mothers.
Univariate analysis of the women’s answers to the knowledge questions on GBS screening (N=377)
Multivariate binary logistic regression explaining the association between women’s characteristics and their odds of passing a GBS knowledge score above the 75th percentile is shown in table 3. Women with higher past exposure scores have significantly higher odds (OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.009 to 1.039) of scoring above the 75th percentile in the knowledge score. For each additional point on the exposure to GBS screening score, the odds of women being informed on the GBS rises by 2.4% (p=0.001). Women’s age converged significantly and negatively on scoring above the 75th percentile in the knowledge score (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.139 to 0.603) (online supplementary appendix figure B). Moreover, women’s parity numbers correlate significantly with higher odds of scoring above the 75th percentile on knowledge score. The odds of scoring above the 75% score are predicted to rise by 13.71%, on average, as the number of pregnancies increases by one (p=0.008). Pregnant women who were followed up by gynaecologists had higher odds of scoring more than the 75th percentile. However, it was not statistically significant (p=0.421).
Multivariate binary logistic regression explaining the association between women’s characteristics and their odds of passing the GBS knowledge score above (75th percentile)
The descriptive analysis of GBS awareness and exposure to GBS screening percentages is shown in table 4.
Women’s awareness and past experiences with GBS screening (N=377)
Results of the χ2 test of association between the awareness of GBS screening and demographic and obstetric variables are shown in online supplementary appendix table 2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of GBS awareness (Q8 in the questionnaire) and demographic and obstetric variables is shown table 5. There was a statistically significant association between women’s awareness of GBS screening and specialty of the healthcare professionals providing antenatal care. Women followed up by gynaecologists were significantly more aware of the GBS screening as compared with those cared for by other specialties (p=0.018).
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of women's demographic and obstetric variables with their odds of being aware of GBS screening (Q8)
Majority of the women (61.8%) believed that the universal culture-based GBS screening strategy is better than risk-based strategy to prevent GBS infection in neonates. However, there was no statistically significant difference across demographic and obstetric variables regarding preference for the universal culture-based approach (online supplementary appendix table 3).
Discussion
The present study has shown that majority (66%) of the pregnant women were not aware of antenatal GBS screening strategies with vaginal and rectal swabs. Lower awareness regarding GBS compared with pertussis and influenza has been reported by McQuaid et al among women in a UK study. About 30% of women in that study never heard about GBS.16 However, higher awareness rate among women in the UK compared with women in the current study could be explained by the presence of national guidelines in the UK. Another study conducted in Hong Kong showed that only 36% of the participants had ever heard about GBS.17 In this study, only 12.7% of women were asked to do the GBS screening test, which was mainly requested by the gynaecologists.
Majority of pregnant women have poor knowledge about GBS infection and screening strategies, as 69.5% of them scored below 65% in the knowledge score. This result was consistent with previous studies conducted by Chow et al and Youden et al.15 17 The knowledge deficit about GBS infection and its outcomes may be due to lack of national guidelines on antenatal screening, which might result in variability in screening practices among physicians.14 Women with good knowledge about GBS were more likely to be cared for obstetric and gynaecologist physicians and were exposed to GBS. This might be explained by the lower rate of GBS testing requests among non-obstetric/gynaecologist healthcare professionals.
Knowledge deficit was more significant in terms of acknowledging the consequences of GBS infection among newborns, as most women did not know that GBS might cause meningitis. However, the Hong Kong study showed that the majority of the participants (89%) overestimated the risk of EOGBS infection on newborns delivered by GBS colonised mothers.17 A previous qualitative study has assessed knowledge, perceptions and experiences of women regarding GBS and its screening.18 The results were in agreement with the present study as majority of the women had little knowledge about GBS screening strategies. It seemed that women were struggling to understand the meaning and implications of GBS infection for their babies as well as for themselves.18
Around 61.8% of the pregnant women in our study believed that the universal culture-based screening method would be the best way to prevent GBS infection in newborns, after they were informed about the different approaches to GBS screening. This finding was close to the Hong Kong study, where 81% of participants were willing to have universal culture-based GBS screening during pregnancy and 66% agreed that universal culture-based GBS screening should be implemented.17 Participants who had heard about GBS had higher scores on knowledge of GBS and better acceptance to its screening.17
A previous study conducted in Saudi Arabia found that the GBS colonisation rate in pregnant women in the third trimester ranges from 9.2% to 27.6%.19 Moreover, a recently published prospective study from three hospitals in Arabian Gulf countries, including Saudi Arabia, showed that the overall incidence of EOGBS was 0.9 per 1000 live births, which is higher than current incidence in high-income countries.20 However, there are no nationwide surveillance data about rates of EOGBS, and these data are crucial to choose the GBS screening strategy (ie, risk-based vs universal culture-based).
This study has limitations. It is a cross-sectional survey study, which might have recall bias among participants regarding previous GBS screening strategies. Also, we did not interview the healthcare workers to explore the cause of low request rate for GBS screening. Another limitation is that the interviews were conducted in the postnatal department of only one hospital in Al-Madinah. As a consequence, this may not represent the whole Al-Madinah region, where about 200 000 women are of childbearing age. However, MMCH is the largest women hospital in Al-Madinah region with 14 000 deliveries per year. Future studies need to consider more hospitals and a larger sample size for obtaining generalisable results.
The present study is the first study conducted in Saudi Arabia to assess public awareness about GBS screening. It might influence public health stakeholders to conduct further studies about GBS screening and might help in establishing national guidelines regarding GBS screening.
Conclusion
The present study has assessed the knowledge, attitude and current practices of pregnant women towards GBS screening in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. It was concluded that the level of awareness and knowledge about GBS among the pregnant women was relatively poor; however, majority of the pregnant women prefer universal culture-based screening. The results have depicted the need for nationwide research to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of either GBS screening strategies (ie, universal culture-based vs risk-based) based on the prevalence of maternal GBS colonisation, vertical transmission to neonates and rate of early-onset neonatal disease in different provinces of Saudi Arabia. The study results would be helpful in future development of a national guideline regarding GBS screening strategy and reinforcing women education about different GBS screening strategies during pregnancy.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Canadian Centre for Vaccinology for its contribution in providing consent to reuse the survey.
Footnotes
Contributors The primary and corresponding author, AA, wrote the study protocol and the initial draft of the manuscript and prepared the survey. AA, SA and BA interviewed the patients for data collections and completed the data entry. AA and BA completed the data analysis and reviewed the final version of the manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The study approval was obtained from both the research ethics boards of the Ministry of Health in Al-Madinah and Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement No data are available.