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Abstract
Introduction Stress and obesity are two public health issues. The relationship between obesity and stress is biological through the actions of stress on the major hormones that regulate appetite (leptin and ghrelin). Many spa resorts in France specialise in the treatment of obesity, but no thermal spa currently proposes a specific programme to manage stress in obesity. The ObesiStress protocol has been designed to offer a new residential stress management programme. This thermal spa treatment of obesity implements stress management strategies as suggested by international recommendations.
Methods and analysis 140 overweight or obese participants with a Body Mass Index of >25 kg/m2 and aged over 18 years will be recruited. Participants will be randomised into two groups: a control group of usual practice (restrictive diet, physical activity and thermal spa treatment) and an intervention group with stress management in addition to the usual practice. In the present protocol, parameters will be measured on five occasions (at inclusion, at the beginning of the spa (day 0), at the end of the spa (day 21), and at 6 and 12 months). The study will assess the participants’ heart rate variability, cardiac remodelling and function, electrodermal activity, blood markers, anthropometric profile, body composition, psychology and quality of life via the use of questionnaires and bone parameters.
Ethics and dissemination The ObesiStress protocol complies with the ethics guidelines for Clinical Research and has been approved by the ethics committee (CPP Sud-Est VI, Clermont-Ferrand - ANSM: 2016-A01774-47). This study aimed to highlight the efficacy of a 21-day thermal spa residential programme of stress management in obesity through objective measurements of well-being and cardiovascular morbidity. Results will be disseminated during several research conferences and articles published in peer-reviewed journals.
Trial registration number NCT03578757.
- obesity
- stress
- prevention
- heart rate variability
- spa bath
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Reliability and validity of a 21-day specific thermal spa residential programme on stress management in the treatment of obesity.
Better comprehension of the psychology and psychological mechanisms involved in stress management in obesity.
A 12-month mixed gender longitudinal study.
Inability to accurately account for the long-term cost-effective benefits of the study.
Introduction
Stress and obesity are two public health issues.1 2 Stress can lead to obesity, a major stress factor,3 via inappropriate eating behaviours.4 Furthermore, stressed people are also those who have the greatest difficulty losing weight.5 The relationship between obesity and stress is biological through the action of stress on the major hormones which regulate appetite (leptin and ghrelin).6 7 The relationship between obesity and stress is so strong that proposals for international recommendations suggest the implementation of stress management programmes in obesity for sustainable weight loss.8
Among the multiple physical and psychological consequences of stress and obesity, increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity seem to be the main concern.9 Stress and obesity alter the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.10–12 A deregulation of the sympathovagal balance is a major factor of morbidity cardiovascular mortality.13 Conveniently, the sympathovagal balance can be measured easily and without pain using heart rate variability (HRV), which is a biomarker of both stress and morbidity/mortality.10 14 15 Stress and obesity also cause arterial ischaemic pathology16 through complex mechanisms involving changes in endothelial and arterial atheroscleroses.16 These microvascular changes are linked to systemic inflammation caused by stress17 and obesity.18
The thermal spa resort in Vichy, as well as other spa centres in France, already possesses expertise in obesity treatment through physical activity, diet and hydrotherapy. However, no spa resort has ever proposed the inclusion of a stress-management programme in obesity treatment. Non-pharmacological stress management can be achieved through psychological interventions (ie, physical19 and psychoanalytical approaches,20 cognitive–behavioural therapy,21 acceptance and commitment therapy,22 23 or mindfulness,24 25 physical activity26 27 and the improvement of eating disorders induced by stress).28 The benefits of physical activity on physical and mental health are indisputable, at any age, and with any activity.29
The main hypothesis of this project is that a thermal spa residential programme (21 days) of stress management in obesity will demonstrate its efficacy through objective measurements of well-being and cardiovascular morbidity via a randomised controlled design that compares a group with stress management and a group without stress management (both groups will benefit from the same spa treatments, physical activity and diet).
Objectives
The main objective was to assess the ability of a 21-day residential spa programme of stress management in the treatment of obesity to increase HRV, a biomarker of both stress and morbidity/mortality.
Secondary outcomes were (1) to demonstrate an improvement in stress-related and obesity-related variables following the short residential spa programme; (2) to study the influence of genetic polymorphisms on stress, obesity, and response to our stress management programme; (3) to examine the relationship between stress-related and obesity-related variables; (4) to propose a salient biomarker or a salient composite index of biomarkers of stress in obesity; and (5) to study the effect of adherence to the programme during follow-up on stress-related and obesity-related variables.
Methods
The TIDieR checklist can be found in online supplementary file S1.
Supplemental material
Protocol design
This 1-year randomised controlled study with repeated measurements at five time points (inclusion, at the start and the end of the spa programme, and at 6 and 12 months) will allow us to understand the effect of a 21-day residential spa programme of stress management in the treatment of obesity through the measurement of well-being and cardiovascular morbidity.
For this study, two randomised groups of overweight or obese participants will be compared: one will receive the usual 21-day thermal spa residential programme, while the other will receive the 21-day thermal spa residential programme plus a psychological intervention (figure 1).
The ObesiStress protocol. M month, D day.
Randomisation
Randomisation will be stratified by Body Mass Index (BMI) category (25–30, 30–35 and >35), sex and levels of stress (Visual Analogue Scale of stress <50, between 50 and 80, and >80) using a minimisation approach. A permuted-block randomisation (ie, random block sizes) will be conducted using a computer-generated random allocation (STATA software V.13), with a 1:1 allocation ratio, ensuring the complete randomness of the assignment of a participant to each randomised group. To guarantee the concealment of the allocation, the participants will be randomised after they have clearly met the inclusion criteria and have provided written consent (online supplementary file S2).
Supplemental material
Selection criteria
Inclusion criteria
Volunteers will be overweight or obese participants aged over 18 years who wish to follow a thermal spa residential programme for the treatment of obesity. We will also promote the study through advertisements in local newspapers and on the radio. Volunteers will be screened by telephone interview or directly by spa physicians. A participant’s weight must have been stable over the last 3 months, with no uncontrolled cardiac, hepatic, renal or endocrine diseases.2 Stress at baseline will not be an inclusion criteria but an explanatory/independent variable. In compliance with human ethics guidelines, participants will have to be covered by social health insurance and will have to sign consent forms.
Exclusion criteria
Volunteers participating in the study will be excluded if major treatment and protocol deviations are observed.14 Drugs and medical conditions that significantly affect the primary outcome (HRV) will also be exclusion criteria (eg, alpha or beta blockers, arrhythmia or conduction disorders such as bundle branch block and atrioventricular heart block).30 Bariatric surgery is also an exclusion criterion.
Power analysis
The rationale for the sample size calculation is based on HRV, which is a biomarker of both stress and morbidity/mortality.10 14 15 Specifically, within the multiple parameters of HRV, we considered the log low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) for the sample size calculation because it is the parameter that traditionally represents sympathovagal balance (see description of LF/HF below in the description of the primary outcome).10 14 A log LF/HF with low values is associated with a good adaptation of the autonomic nervous system. Based on our results from a pilot study (data not published),2 we hope to highlight an absolute difference of 12% between the groups with regard to the decrease of log LF/HF at 1 year after the stress management programme. For an SD of 20%, the expected size will be around 0.60. For a two-sided type I error of 5%, we will need to include 59 participants per group to achieve a statistical power of 90%. Finally, the recruitment of 70 patients per arm is proposed in order to take into account lost to follow-up.
Participants
As previously stated, participants engaged in this protocol will be mixed gender overweight or obese volunteers aged over 18 years. Following approval from the ethics committee, and based on our calculation, a total of 70 volunteers will be enrolled per group (ie, a total of 140 participants) to account for potential dropouts. All participants will be given written information regarding the project and will have to sign consent forms before enrolment. Participants will be recruited from the usual clients at the spa resort in Vichy, through healthcare workers (physicians, dietitians and physiotherapists), or through advertisements. Inclusions will be carried out at the University Hospital in Clermont-Ferrand or at the thermal spa resort in Vichy.
Usual thermal spa care
All participants will undergo the usual thermal spa treatment that combines the correction of eating disorders (and a negative energy balance of 500 kcal/day), physical activity (2 hours 30 min/day, minimum), thermal spa treatment (2 hours/day, minimum) and health education (1 hour 30 min/day, minimum: cooking, nutrition and physical activity classes). Physical activity will be diverse (endurance, strength and circuit training) and personalised for each participant.
Psychological interventions
Participants randomised to the intervention group will benefit from psychological interventions based on validated approaches to stress (3×1 hour 30 min/week, ie, nine sessions in total). Participants will attend psychological sessions in groups of fewer than 10 individuals. Individual meetings with the psychologist will occur at least twice: at the beginning of the residential programme and at the end. Psychological interventions will include various validated approaches to work-related stress: physical19 and psychoanalytic20 approaches, cognitive–behavioural therapy,21 acceptance and commitment therapy23 31 and mindfulness.24 25 Participants will have to acquire techniques in order to become autonomous and pursue at-home psychological training. The nine psychological sessions will be the following: (1) stress management and lack of self-confidence, (2) cognitive–behavioural therapy, (3) body-centred approach: body language, (4) management of emotions, (5) identity approach: concept and self-image, (6) cognitive approach (information processing), (7) sophrology: relaxation, (8) food and addictive behaviour, and (9) psychopathological approach and anxiety disorders. Each session will be constructed and validated by a psychologist specialised in the session’s field and already working in the management of obese individuals. The aim was to build a psychological programme that can be easily replicated for long-term use after evidence-based proof of success.
Follow-up
After the intervention phase of the study, participants will undergo a 1-year at-home follow-up with measurements at 6 and 12 months.
Measurements
Each participant will perform a battery of tests (described further). As previously described, data collection will be performed five times (at inclusion, at the start and the end of the spa programme, and at 6 and 12 months), with the exception of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT), which will be performed at inclusion and after 12 months, and cardiac remodelling and function, which will be performed at inclusion and after 6 months.
Primary outcome
HRV
Our primary outcome will be changes in HRV parameters. HRV parameters will be assessed over 26 hours with a heart rate transmitter belt simply positioned on the chest, with a 26-hour recording time, a beat per min range of 25–240, and a respiratory rate range of 3–70 (Zephyr BioHarness BT; Zephyr Technology, Annapolis, USA). The HRV data will be examined according to the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society (Task Force). HRV will be explored in two domains: time and frequency.32 The methodology developed by our team will also be applied.33 Premature beats will be visually checked and automatically discarded. In the time domain, we will analyse R–R intervals, the SD of the R–R intervals, the square root of the mean squared difference of successive R–R intervals (rMSSD) and the number of adjacent N–N differing by more than 50 ms divided by the total number of N–N intervals (pNN50). The rMSSD and pNN50 are associated with HF power and hence parasympathetic activity. In the spectral domain, we will analyse LF (0.04–0.15 Hz) and HF (0.15–0.4 Hz) power. LF is an index of both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, and HF represents the main efferent parasympathetic (vagal) activity to the sinus node. Very low frequency (VLF, 0.003–0.04 Hz) partially reflects variations in the activity of the renin–angiotensin system, thermoregulatory mechanisms and the function of peripheral chemoreceptors. LF and HF will also be assessed in normalised units (nu), that is, the relative value of each power component in proportion to the total power minus the VLF component. Thus, LFnu and HFnu are suggested to represent the best sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. The LF:HF ratio, that is, the sympathovagal balance, will also be calculated.14
Secondary outcomes
Table 1 summarises the secondary outcomes of the project. Anthropometry and clinical parameters will be measured, including height (m), body mass (kg) or blood pressure (mm Hg). Waist circumference (cm) will be measured at mid-abdomen, that is, the midpoint between the subcostal and suprailiac landmarks, in accordance with the WHO protocol.34
Outcomes
Body composition
Body composition (muscle mass and fat mass) will be measured by DXA (QDR-4500A; Hologic, Waltham, MA)35 and by an impedance metre.36
Biomarkers of stress and cardiovascular risk
Skin conductance will be measured using wrist band electrodes with sampling rates at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 Hz during phases I–III. The SC sensor (Q-Sensor-Affectiva; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) is set on a wristband and has a 24-hour battery life when recording. In addition, it will measure wrist movements with a built-in three-axis accelerometer.37
Blood flow velocity and myocardial longitudinal strain
Blood flow velocity and myocardial longitudinal strain will be measured by speckle echocardiography (Vivid Q; GE Healthcare, USA). All two-dimensional (2D), time motion, Doppler and 2D-strain acquisitions and measurements will be performed according to recent guidelines.38 39 Left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fractions will be measured using the Simpson biplane method. LV mass will be calculated with the Devereux formula and indexed for height (Cornell adjustment). Pulsed Doppler LV transmitral velocities, including early (E) and atrial (A) waves, will be obtained in the apical four-chamber view. Tissue Doppler imaging measurements of myocardial systolic (S’), early diastolic (E’) and atrial (A’) velocities will be assessed at the mitral annulus level in the apical four-chamber and two-chamber views. The E:Em ratio (ratio of early transmitralflow velocity to mitral annular early diastolic myocardial velocity) will be used as an index of LV filling pressure.40 Left atrium volume will be assessed on apical four-chamber and two-chamber views. A graduation of LV diastolic dysfunction will be obtained according to recent guidelines.40 2D cine loops (frame rate >70 ips) of at least five cycles will be recorded in the short-axis views (base, md and apex), as well as in the apical four-chamber, three-chamber and two-chamber views. 2D-strain analysis will be performed postprocessing using EchoPAC 201 TM software (GE Healthcare). Longitudinal and circumferential strains and strain rates, as well as rotations at the apex and base, will be directly obtained from the six-segment model. Twist mechanics will be computed from apical and basal rotational data using dedicated software (Scilab, Paris, France). For each view, the three cardiac cycles displaying the best image quality will be selected. Blood pressure and heart rate will be continuously monitored, and the systolic meridional wall stress, an index of afterload, will be calculated. LV end-diastolic volumes will also be obtained as preload indices.
Endocrine assays
Blood samples will be collected by a qualified nurse after participants have fasted overnight. Blood will be collected using a venipuncture of the brachial vein. After collection, blood will be centrifuged and aliquots will be stored (−80°) for subsequent analysis. Basic biology (eg, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and haemoglobin A1c),35 as well as all other biochemical determinants (eg, leptin,35 ghrelin,7 41 brain-derived neurotrophic factor,42–44 interleukin (IL)-1β,35 IL-6,35 IL-1,35 tumour necrosis factor alpha,35 NPY,45 cortisol46 47 and DHEAS46 47), will be assessed in the biochemistry laboratory at the University Hospital in Clermont-Ferrand. All analyses will be conducted by the same technician. Polymorphism of the ACE48–51 and polymorphism of the serotonin,52–54 as well as telomere lengths,55 will be measured via blood cells, all of which are linked with stress.
Complementary measurements
Stress, fatigue and sleep (Visual Analogue Scale of 100 mm)10; burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory)56; depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y (STAI-Y) and the 7-Item Hamilton Scale for Anxiety)57–59; mindfulness (Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory)22 23; coping strategies (Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Questionnaire)60; emotions (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire)61; perception of work (Karasek’s Job Content Questionnaire)62 63; self-efficacy (Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale)64; alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale)65–67; illness perception (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire)68 69; metacognition (Metacognition Questionnaire)70; general health (36-Item General Health Questionnaire)71; lifestyle (smoking and alcohol)10; demographics (such as marital status and number of children); nutrition (3-day Self-Report Questionnaire with a face-to-face validation with a dietitian)2; and physical activity (Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ))72 will be obtained through questionnaires.
Bone parameters
Bone microarchitecture will be measured by pQCT (XCT 3000; Stratec Medizintechnik, Pforzheim, Germany).73–75 Bone mineral content (BMC) (g/cm), volumetric cortical and trabecular BMC (mg/cm3), total area (mm2), cortical and trabecular area (mm2) and density (g/cm²), and bone strength (mm3) will be assessed by 2 mm thick tomographic slices at the distal (4%) and proximal (66%) sites of the non-dominant tibia and radius. Scan speed and voxel size will be 20 mm/s and 0.4 mm, respectively. To ensure the quality of the measurements, calibration checks will be performed by scanning a standard phantom with known densities prior to each scan. Bone densitometry will be measured by DXA (QDR-4500A, Hologic). Bone mineral density (g/cm2) BMC (g) and bone area (cm2) will be determined for each participant. The DXA measurements will be taken for whole body, lumbar spine (L2–L4) and non-dominant hip (including the femoral neck and trochanteric and intertrochanteric regions). All DXA scans will be conducted by the same technician, and quality assurance checks will be routinely performed. The in vivo coefficient of variation is 0.5%.
Adherence to the physical activity, nutrition and psychological techniques will be retrieved. Physical activity will be assessed using the RPAQ at M6 and M12.72 Nutrition will be assessed at M6 and M12 through a 3-day self-report questionnaire with a face-to-face validation with a dietitian.2 The use of psychological techniques will be measured by monthly self-report questionnaires (number of times each technique was used per month).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis will be performed using the STATA software V.13. All statistical tests will be two-sided and p<0.05 will be considered significant. The data will be analysed as intention to treat. After testing for normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), the data will be treated either by parametric or non-parametric analysis according to statistical assumptions. Intergroup comparisons will be performed (1) without adjustment and (2) adjusting on possible confounding factors.
To highlight that the spa residential programme will have long-term benefits (1 year) on the biomarkers of stress, the comparisons will be performed using the Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney test if the t-test assumptions are not respected (normality and homoscedasticity were analysed using the Fisher-Snedecor test). The results will be expressed as effect size and 95% CIs. This primary analysis will be completed by multivariable analyses (linear regression with logarithmic transformation of dependent outcomes if necessary) considering an adjustment on covariates fixed according to univariate results, clinical and epidemiological relevance (notably, age, gender, baseline BMI and baseline stress levels), and adherence to physical activity, nutrition and the use of psychological techniques. The results will be expressed as regression coefficients and 95% CIs.
Comparisons between groups will be performed in a similar way as presented previously for quantitative outcomes. Comparisons concerning categorical variables will be performed using χ2 or, when appropriate, the Fischer exact test. The results will be expressed as absolute risk differences and 95% CIs. The multivariable analysis will then be conducted using linear and generalised linear models according to the statistical nature of the dependent endpoint. The results will be expressed as regression coefficients or relative risks and 95% CIs.
Moreover, the relationships between the quantitative parameters will be analysed using correlation coefficients (Pearson or Spearman depending on the statistical distribution). Considering the several multiple comparisons, a correction of the type I error will be applied (Sidak’s correction). The comparisons of the correlation coefficients (in different groups of subjects and within a single group of subjects) will be performed using a Fisher’s Z transformation76 and Williams’ T2 statistic.77 Multidimensional factorial analyses will be performed to complete these statistical analyses.
Concerning the longitudinally collected parameters, mixed models will be performed to study fixed effects (group, time point evaluations and their interactions), taking into account the between-subject and within-subject variabilities (as random effect). For continuous endpoints, the normality of the residuals will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.
In addition, these analyses will be completed using analysis of covariance with the baseline values to study the differences during follow-up (end of the spa programme, 6 and 12 months).78 Normality of residuals will be verified.
A sensitivity analysis will be carried out to study the statistical nature of missing data (random or not) and then to apply the most appropriate imputation data method (multiple imputation data, last observation carried out). The baseline characteristics of participants with a complete follow-up and those lost to follow-up will be compared with the aforementioned statistical tests.
Radiation exposure and harm
Both DXA and pQCT provide measurements of the body composition and bone properties by exposing participants to low-level radiation: 0.0056 mSv from DXA scans (whole body, lumbar and hip) and 0.0014 mSv from the pQCT scans (tibia and radius measurements).79 Over the duration of each study, the effective administered dose will be 0.014 mSv.
A Harms section was not considered in the protocol, but this kind of intervention was considered to be very low risk by the ethics committee.
Confidentiality and blind assessments
The participants and care providers will not be blinded to the participants' randomisation group. However, in order to reduce the level of bias, the assessors for most outcomes will be blinded to each participant’s assigned group, for example, for HRV, biological measures or bone parameters. All outcome data will remain blinded until the end of the study. Patients’ data will be deidentified, and all data will be treated anonymously.
Patient and public involvement
The thermal spa centre in Vichy, in collaboration with the Preventive and Occupational Medicine Department of the University Hospital in Clermont-Ferrand, have identified and addressed the following priorities: prevention, obesity, weight loss, stress, cardiovascular morbidity. We are grateful for the opinion of the volunteers and professionals at the Vichy Spa Centre concerning the psychological intervention. Conferences and meetings with participants will be organised in order to provide feedback from this research.
Ethical considerations and dissemination
The ObesiStress protocol complies with the ethics guidelines for clinical research and has been approved by the ethics committee (Comités de Protection des Personnes, Sud-Est VI, Clermont-Ferrand–National Agency for Medical Security: 2016-A01774-47); the protocol has also been registered on clinicaltrials.gov. In accordance with ethical considerations, the chief investigator is responsible for ensuring that participants understand the potential risks and benefits of taking part in the study. Moreover, the chief investigator is responsible for obtaining written consent from the participants. The results will be disseminated at several research conferences and in articles published in peer-reviewed journals.
Discussion
The ObesiStress protocol has been designed to provide a better understanding of the effect of a spa residential programme combined with a stress management programme on the improvement of HRV in the treatment of obesity. The creation of a new thermal programme would allow new innovative approaches for stress management in obesity. The long-term success of lifestyle interventions such as those proposed in the prevention of obesity is adherence to the treatment (nutrition, physical activity and psychology).80 We previously demonstrated that a spa programme may play a major role in sustainable lifestyle changes.35 Due to the stress management programme and because the participants will be accompanied by healthcare professionals, the adherence to treatment during a 1-year follow-up could be more efficient. In order to avoid any generalisability of our expected results, we will pay particular attention at the demographics of the participants included (particularly between participants recruited from the ‘usual spa clients’ and other participants). Secondary and sensitivity analyses will take into account where the participants were recruited.
Current study status
The trial is currently recruiting participants.
Acknowledgments
We thank Richard May for his attentive editing of the manuscript, Ms Isabelle Jourde and Janine Lauradoux for their future management of biological sampling, and Sarah De Saint Vincent for biological analysis. Moreover, we thank Ms Anne-Cecile Fournier, Christine Flouzat and Marie-Anne Cousseau for their commitment to setting up the programme.
References
Footnotes
Contributors FD contributed to the study design. FD was responsible for the submission of the protocol to the ethics committee. FD and AV coordinated the recruitment of patients. DC, EC and PD were responsible for bone measurements. AA was responsible for liver-related factors. DMP and SH were responsible for the psychosocial analysis. LM and MM were responsible for mindfulness, psychological education and cognitive-compartmental therapy analysis. GTV was responsible for the analysis of memory-related data. PO, OI and GB were responsible for cardiovascular measurements. YB, NF and MM-D were responsible for nutritional measurements and analysis. DC, EC and PD were responsible for physical activity analysis. AV was responsible for the collection of psychological factors. BP was responsible for the statistical analysis. EC was responsible for the clinical trial and wrote the first draft of this manuscript. All authors read and contributed to and approved the final manuscript.
Funding The study is integrally funded by the Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand and by the European Regional Development Fund (Fonds Europeen de Développement Economique et Régional). The funding sources had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of the study.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.