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Dentistry and oral medicine
Research
Evaluation of postextraction bleeding incidence to compare patients receiving and not receiving warfarin therapy: a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study
  1. Hiroshi Iwabuchi1,
  2. Yutaka Imai2,
  3. Soichiro Asanami3,
  4. Masayori Shirakawa4,
  5. Gen-yuki Yamane5,
  6. Hideki Ogiuchi6,
  7. Kenji Kurashina7,
  8. Masaru Miyata8,
  9. Hiroyuki Nakao9,
  10. Hirohisa Imai9
  1. 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
  2. 2Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
  3. 3Department of Dentistry and Implant Center, Sanno Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  4. 4Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  5. 5Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  6. 6Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  7. 7Oral & Dental Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
  8. 8Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
  9. 9Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health of Japan, Wako, Saitama, Japan
  1. Correspondence to Dr Hiroshi Iwabuchi; iwabuchi{at}kdu.ac.jp

Abstract

Objectives We investigated incidence and risk factors for postextraction bleeding in patients receiving warfarin and those not receiving anticoagulation therapy.

Design Cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study.

Setting 26 hospitals where an oral surgeon is available.

Participants Data on 2817 teeth (from 496 patients receiving warfarin, 2321 patients not receiving warfarin; mean age (SD): 62.2 (17.6)) extracted between 1 November 2008 and 31 March 2010, were collected. Warfarin-receiving patients were eligible when prothrombin time–international normalised ratio (PT-INR) measured within 7 days prior to the extraction was less than 3.0.

Interventions Simple dental extraction was performed, and incidence of postextraction bleeding and comorbidities were recorded.

Primary and secondary outcome measures Postextraction bleeding not controlled by basic haemostasis procedure was clinically significant.

Results Bleeding events were reported for 35 (7.1%) and 49 (2.1%) teeth, of which 18 (3.6%) and 9 (0.4%) teeth were considered clinically significant, in warfarin and non-warfarin groups, respectively, the difference between which was 3.24% (CI 1.58% to 4.90%). The incidence rates by patients were 2.77% and 0.39%, in warfarin and non-warfarin groups, respectively (incidence difference 2.38%, CI 0.65% to 4/10%). Univariate analyses showed that age (OR 0.197, p=0.001), PT-INR (OR 3.635, p=0.003), mandibular foramen conduction anaesthesia (OR 4.854, p=0.050) and formation of abnormal granulation tissue in extraction socket (OR 2.900, p=0.031) significantly correlate with bleeding incidence. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 0.126, p=0.001), antiplatelet drugs (OR 0.100, p=0.049), PT-INR (OR 7.797, p=0.001) and history of acute inflammation at extraction site (OR 3.722, p=0.037) were significant risk factors for postextraction bleeding.

Conclusions Our results suggest that there is slight but significant increase in the incidences of postextraction bleeding in patients receiving warfarin. Although absolute incidence was low in both groups, the bleeding risk is not negligible.

  • ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
  • ORAL MEDICINE

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005777

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    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • The present study examined the difference between the incidence of postextraction bleeding in patients receiving and not-receiving warfarin, which few previous studies to date have reported.

    • The study included dental facilities where at least one or more certified oral surgeons are available in order to standardise skills of the operators and capability of the facilities for providing advanced care in the event of significant bleeding.

    • We also analysed the risk factors for postextraction bleeding events in patients receiving warfarin.

    • Owing to the study design, we may have underestimated the incidence of postextraction bleeding that may occur in community dental clinics.

    • Although we tried to standardise the dental extraction procedure, there might have been interfacility differences.

    Introduction

    Until recently, the common procedure for tooth extraction in patients continuously receiving warfarin (WF) or other antiplatelet therapy was to discontinue or reduce the dose to minimise the risks of odontorrhagia. However, the procedure has been re-evaluated since cases of thromboembolic complications after dental extraction with WF cessation were reported.1–3 Thereafter, many studies, including randomised trials,4–6 cohort studies7–9 and meta-analyses,10–12 have been conducted, all of which reported no significant differences in incidence of postextraction bleeding and/or other haemorrhagic complications, concluding that in patients whose prothrombin time–international normalised ratio (PT-INR) is within desirable therapeutic range, dental extraction can be performed safely without cessation of WF. Clinical guidelines published after these studies advised that patients whose PT-INR values were within the recommended therapeutic ranges should continue WF when undergoing dental extraction.13–15 However, there have been few studies that specifically addressed a difference in the bleeding incidences and its 95% CI comparing tooth extraction cases in patients receiving and not receiving WF.

    Given these circumstances, we evaluated the difference in postextraction bleeding incidences in otherwise healthy controls without WF administration (non-WF group) and in patients under reasonable coagulation control with WF (WF group). We selected the participants for the latter group whose PT-INR was 3.0 or lower at the time of the procedure, as the PT-INR of 3.0 was indicated as the maximum safety threshold for tooth extraction in the Guidelines for Patients on Antithrombotic Therapy Requiring Dental Extraction in Japanese.16 We also investigated the risk factors for the incidence of postextraction bleeding in patients receiving WF therapy.

    Materials and methods

    This was a prospective multicentre observational study of postextraction bleeding events in patients receiving and not receiving WF therapy.

    Study period and eligibility criteria

    Twenty-six hospitals located across Japan participated. This study included patients who underwent simple tooth extraction from 1 November 2008 to 31 March 2010 at the department of oral surgery of these hospitals and who met the eligibility criteria listed below. Simple tooth extraction referred to a tooth removed without traumatising the surrounding alveolar bone or elevating a mucoperiosteal flap.

    Eligibility criteria included the following: 20 or more years of age at the time of tooth extraction; no contraindications for tooth extraction; surgery was performed by oral surgeon with a minimum of 3 years of experience in dental practice; the oral extraction procedure lasted for no longer than 15 min; and platelet count within 7 days prior to the procedure was normal. In addition, in patients receiving WF therapy, PT-INR measured within 7 days prior to the procedure should be less than 3.0. Patients receiving antiplatelet medication were not excluded but recorded as such. According to “The Guidelines for Patients on Antithrombotic Therapy Requiring Dental Extraction”,14 we instructed the participating hospitals that dental extraction should be performed without discontinuing or reducing the dose of WF in patients whose PT-INR was not exceeding 3.0 when measured within 7 days prior to the procedure.

    Study variables

    The variables analysed in this study were: bleeding events, patient's age and sex, position of the removed tooth, instruments used for removal (forceps only, elevators only, forceps and elevators), reasons for extraction, use of antiplatelet drugs, PT-INR values measured within 7 days before exodontia (only for patients receiving chronic WF therapy), comorbidities possibly influencing haemostasis, use of vasoconstrictors, combined use of local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictors, use of inferior alveolar nerve block, severity of gingivitis after extraction (none, mild, moderate, severe), formation of abnormal granulation tissue in the extraction socket (none, little, medium, much), history of acute inflammation at extraction site and postextraction infection.

    Haemostasis

    The haemostatic methods for patients not receiving WF were chosen at the discretion of the dentist or oral surgeon performing the procedure. In patients on WF therapy, either absorbable oxidised cellulose or gelatin sponge was implanted into the alveolar socket, and wound margins were sutured. In both groups of patients, topical haemostatic agents other than epinephrine, systemic haemostatic agents and splints were prohibited until primary haemostasis was observed. In patients who had multiple teeth extracted in one session, possible postextraction bleeding was examined for each tooth. In a patient receiving WF, the postextraction procedure defined above was performed each time after a tooth was removed.

    Permitted drugs

    Use of local anaesthetics containing vasoconstrictors (eg, epinephrine and felypressin) was allowed at doses commonly given. In WF-treated patients, penicillins or cefems (eg, cefcapene pivoxil and cefditoren pivoxil) were the primary choice of prophylactic antibiotics for their minimal interaction with WF. For those who were allergic to penicillins, clarithromycin was recommended. Use of analgaesics, such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors was allowed at ordinary doses.

    Confirmation of haemostasis

    All patients were asked to bite down on a roll of gauze for a maximum of 30 min for astriction of the wound. After release of the biting pressure, the wound was examined for haemostasis. Patients visited the hospital on the next day of surgery to check for possible bleeding, and were instructed to present at the hospital for treatment, if bleeding should occur later. The follow-up period was 7 days postoperatively.

    Follow-up of bleeding events

    If a patient had a bleeding event during the follow-up period, the severity of the haemorrhage and blood pressure were recorded. If the patient was on WF therapy, his or her PR-INR values were measured in addition.

    Evaluation of bleeding events

    In this study, bleeding events occurring in the follow-up period were classified into one of the following 5 grades: 0, no bleeding; 1, excessive blood clotting in the socket, no treatment required; 2-1, haemostasis achieved by compressing the wound longer than 30 min; 2-2, oozing haemorrhage observed on or after the next day of the procedure, in which haemostasis was achieved by simple compression; 3, bleeding required treatments other than wound compression, such as application of compression brace and/or coagulation by electrotome was needed. Events of grade 2-2 and higher were regarded as clinically significant, and were defined as postextraction bleeds in this study.

    Statistical analysis

    Data were collected by a tooth, but not by a patient. This means that patients who had multiple teeth extraction were counted multiple times for the number of extracted teeth. Data were then sorted and analysed by the anatomical positions. The difference in postextraction bleeding incidence between patients receiving and not receiving WF therapy and its 95% CI were calculated. In addition, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for postextraction bleeding in WF-treated patients. Adjusted ORs, their 95% CI and p values were calculated controlling for major confounders. Explanatory variables with a significance level of p<0.20 on univariate analyses were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (V.15.0, SPSS Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan).

    Ethics

    The objective of this study was explained in detail to potential study participants so that they could make an informed decision. Informed consent was obtained orally or by a written document, according to the recommendation of the ethics committee of each participating facility. Patients’ personal information was stored in a de-identified but linkable format during the 7-day follow-up period and was rendered completely anonymous thereafter. This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center, Tochigi, Japan, prior to its conduct. The approved protocol was distributed to the participating hospitals to keep the uniformity of the study.

    Results

    Totally, 3515 case reports were submitted from the participating investigators. Of these, 698 cases were eliminated because of protocol deviations and/or insufficient data documentation, leaving 2817 for further analysis.

    Postextraction bleeding incidence

    Bleeding events including minor haemorrhagic episodes were reported for 35 of 496 teeth (7.1%) of the WF group and for 49 of 2321 teeth (2.1%) of the non-WF group, with a total of 84 teeth. Clinically significant postextraction bleeds (ie, grade 2-2 or higher) were reported for 27 teeth, including 18 (3.6%) and 9 (0.4%) from the WF and non-WF groups, respectively (table 1).

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Breakdown of extracted teeth by important classification variables

    Breakdown of removed teeth by sex and study group

    The mean (SD) age of all study participants was 62.2 (17.6) years, and 1446 and 1371 teeth were removed from males (51.3%) and females (48.7%), respectively. The WF group had a mean (SD) age of 70.3 (10.9) years, and reported removal of 496 teeth, 320 from males (64.5%) and 176 from females (35.5%). The non-WF group had a mean (SD) age of 60.4 (18.3) years, and reported removal of 2321 teeth, 1126 from males (48.5%) and 1195 from females (51.5%; table 1).

    The difference in postextraction bleeding incidence between the WF group and non-WF group was 3.24% and its 95% CI was 1.58% to 4.90%. On patient analysis, clinically significant bleeding occurred in a total of 361 of 2146 patients (2.77% and 0.39%, in WF and non-WF group, respectively), the incidence difference between which was 2.38% (95% CI 0.65% to 4.10%; table 2).

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Incidences of clinically significant postextraction bleeding and their difference in patients receiving and not receiving WF

    Risk factors for postextraction bleeding in WF-treated patients

    Univariate analyses showed that age (OR 0.197, p=0.001), PT-INR (OR 3.635, p=0.003), inferior alveolar nerve block (OR 4.854, p=0.050) and formation of abnormal granulation tissue in extraction socket (OR 2.900, p=0.031) were significantly correlated with postextraction bleeding (table 3). In addition to these variables, position of the removed tooth, reasons for extraction, antiplatelet drugs, comorbidities possibly influencing haemostasis and history of acute inflammation at extraction site were found to have p values lower than 0.2 by univariate analysis. Consequently, these parameters were included as explanatory variables in the multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that age (OR 0.126, p=0.001), antiplatelet drugs (OR 0.100, p=0.049), PT-INR (OR 7.797, p=0.001) and history of acute inflammation at extraction site (OR 3.722, p=0.037) were significant risk factors for postextraction bleeding (table 4).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Univariate analysis of postextraction bleeding events by potential risk factors

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Multivariate analysis of postextraction bleeding events by potential risk factors

    Discussion

    In WF-treated patients, thromboembolic events were reported in varying frequency in the literature, ranging as low as 0.059%17 ,18 to as high as 1%1 when WF was discontinued prior to dental extraction, while few reported serious postextraction bleeding associated with dental extraction. Based on those data, the literature now suggests that WF should not be discontinued when performing dental extraction in WF-treated patients, regardless of incidences of thromboembolic events associated with dental procedure.5 ,19–21 The majority of previous studies assessed the safety of dental procedures comparing the incidence of complications in patients receiving WF whether the WF was discontinued or not. Because dental extraction without WF cessation has become a standard procedure in patients receiving WF, we conducted the present study to evaluate incidences of postextraction bleeding in comparison with patients who are not receiving anticoagulation therapy.

    The present study is a nation-wide, multi-institutional prospective study that evaluated frequency of clinically significant postextraction bleeding and its difference between non-WF and WF groups. Clinically significant postextraction bleeding occurred at low rates in both study groups. Nonetheless, the difference between the two groups was 3.24%; 95% CI 1.58% to 4.90%.

    Among the patients receiving WF, older patients showed lower risks for postextraction bleeding in the present study. Few studies have addressed influence of patients’ age on incidence of postextraction bleeding. Mean PT-INR in the patients who experienced clinically significant postextraction bleeding was 2.57±0.62 in patients 65 years of age or older, which was significantly higher compared with that in patients younger than 65 years of age (2.10±0.39, p=0.048). These results suggest that younger patients tend to experience clinically significant postextraction bleeding at lower PT-INR, which might have contributed to the lower bleeding risks in the elderly patients in the present study.

    Few studies reported to date examined the relationship between age and the incidence of postextraction bleeding. Our finding indicated that extra caution should be taken when conducting exodontia in elderly patients receiving WF therapy, and the frequency of such situations would increase with ageing population.

    A study that investigated the impact of comorbid conditions on haemostasis suggested that patients with liver dysfunction are another group at high risk for postextraction bleeding.22 The present study did not identify liver dysfunction or other comorbid conditions that would affect haemostasis as risk factors for increased incidence of postextraction bleeding. The attribution of such condition may have been underestimated in the present study as only 4.2% of the study participants had chronic hepatitis.

    Our results also showed that the incidence of postextraction bleeding events increased with higher PT-INR, even though the values did not exceed 3.0. This finding suggests that special attention would be needed in patients whose PT-INR are close to 3.0 or higher to prevent postextraction haemorrhagic events. As WF sensitivity may vary among individuals and different ethnic groups, further studies will be needed to verify if the current findings are generalisable to other ethnic groups.

    No randomised comparative trials that addressed incidences of postextraction bleeding in patients receiving WF with or without antiplatelet medicine have so far been reported. An observational study by Morimoto et al found no significant difference in incidences of postextraction bleeding between patients receiving WF alone and those receiving it in combination with an antiplatelet medicine.6 In contrast, Scully and Wolff23 reported that, in patients with oral surgeries, postoperative bleeding incidence was higher in patients under the combination therapy of WF and an antiplatelet medicine. Besides reports regarding the bleeding events associated with oral surgeries, increased incidence of haemorrhagic complications in patients receiving antiplatelet medicine in addition to WF compared with those receiving WF only was observed in a cohort study in Japanese patients under anticoagulation therapies.24 The results from the present study suggested that incidence for postextraction bleeding is lower in patients receiving WF along with an antiplatelet medicine. Although findings vary between studies, antiplatelet medicine alone is in general considered to minimally affect incidences of postoperative bleeding in cases of dental extraction8 or surgeries,25 and may as well in patients under the control of WF.

    Suturing of wound and filling of the socket with oxidised cellulose or gelfoam have been widely recognised as efficient means of haemostasis after dental extraction.26–28 However, some guidelines do not necessarily recommend suture of the wound, while supporting the use of oxidised cellulose, gelfoam or fibrin glue.8 Several reports also found that suturing could, rather, damage the tissue at the socket.29 ,30 In the present study, incidences of postextraction bleeding in patients not receiving WF were not significantly different between the patients whose wounds were sutured and those without sutures (0.6% and 0.2%, respectively). However, we were unable to tell whether suturing increased the incidence of postextraction bleeding in the patients receiving WF as wounds were sutured in all the patients receiving WF in the present study. Evaluation of the outcome of suturing in patients receiving WF would be worthy of future study. Heparin bridging is another effective means to prevent thromboembolism and to reduce risk of postoperative bleeding,31 ,32 the application of which is primarily limited to a major surgery where topical haemostasis is not applicable. Efficacy of heparin bridging was evaluated by a randomised comparative study,33 which found no significant differences in incidences of postextraction bleeding or thromboembolic complications with and without addition of heparin bridging with continuing WF therapy, concluding that heparin bridging is not required when dental extraction is performed as long as topical haemostasis is applicable. On the other hand, comparative studies that examined cases of minor surgeries performed with cessation of WF with or without additional heparin bridging reported severe haemorrhagic events in cases receiving heparin bridging, though no thromboembolic complication had occurred.34 ,35 Furthermore, heparin needs to be continuously administered intravenously when performing heparin bridging, necessitating hospital admission with resulting higher cost and demands for medical personnel. The results from the present study further supported the notion that topical haemostasis provides sufficient haemostasis in cases of simple tooth extraction without discontinuing WF, and therefore heparin bridging is not necessary. Several aspects of our study design that may have affected the outcome of the present study should be noted. First, we included PT-INR values measured within 7 days prior to tooth extraction, considering the availability of measurement results. However, because effects of WF can be affected by diet and by other drugs, experts suggested measuring PT-INR within 248 ,9 ,36 ,37 and 48 h38 before the procedure. The British Committee for Standards in Hematology recommended 72 h before surgery.11 Therefore, the pre-extraction PT-INR values we utilised may not have accurately reflected the coagulation status immediately prior to the extraction, skewing the results of our analyses. To minimise the bias, we conduced another PT-INR measurement in patients receiving WF who experienced clinically significant bleeding events soon after the event observation. In such patients, PT-INR values before and after the tooth extraction were 2.27 and 2.26, respectively, and not significantly changed. These data suggest that the possible bias derived from PT-INR values measured within 7 days in advance were minimal. Second, we performed all the analyses by tooth, not by patients. We hypothesised, based on previous studies that found no significant correlation between the numbers of teeth extracted and incidence of postextraction bleeding,2 ,4 ,5 ,7 that risks for postextraction bleeding may vary depending on the position and/or condition of the tooth extracted even in the same individual. In order to detect possible influences of local factors, such as position of tooth extracted (foretooth vs molar tooth) and gum conditions (presence of inflammation and/or inappropriate granulation) on risks for postextraction bleeding, we chose to present our data by tooth, despite a possible bias of including some of the patient data multiple times when multiple teeth were extracted from a single patient. When analysed by patient, clinically significant postextraction bleeding occurred in 2.77% and 0.39% in the WF and non-WF group, respectively, the difference between which was 2.38% (95% CI 0.65% to 4.10%) and similar to that found in analysis by tooth. These data suggest that the bias that might arise from the analyses by tooth was minimal. Third, evaluation of the postextraction bleeding events was not blinded and choice of secondary haemostasis means were left at the discretion of the operator in charge, which might have affected the outcome of our analyses. However, the definition of the clinically significant bleeding events was made clear, minimising the influence by the person who evaluated the individual event. Indeed, there was little difference in postextraction bleeding incidence between patients whose wounds were sutured and those whose were not (0.6$% and 0.2%, respectively), further supporting the notion that means of haemostasis have minimally affected the present findings.

    Conclusion

    The difference in incidence rates of postextraction bleeding between WF and non-WF groups was 3.24% (95% CI 1.49 to 4.99%). Age, PT-INR and history of acute inflammation at extraction site were risk factors for postextraction bleeding in WF-receiving patients.

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors Hiroshi Iwabuchi designed the study protocol and wrote the manuscript. Hirohisa Imai analysed the data and contributed to edition of the manuscript. Hiroshi Iwabuchi, YI, SA, MS, G-yY, HO, KK and MM contributed to data collection. HN participated in data analyses. YI is the principle investigator of the present study. All the authors have approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.

    • Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

    • Competing interests None.

    • Ethics approval The Ethics Committee of the National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center, Tochigi, Japan.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement Extra data can be accessed via the Dryad data repository at http://datadryad.org/ with the doi:10.5061/dryad.sg83p.