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Epidemiology
Original research
Coffee consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  1. Xiaonan Chen,
  2. Yiqiao Zhao,
  3. Zijia Tao,
  4. Kefeng Wang
  1. Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  1. Correspondence to Dr Kefeng Wang; wangkefenguro{at}sina.com

Abstract

Objectives To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies to evaluate the association of coffee consumption with the risk of prostate cancer.

Data sources PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for eligible studies up to September 2020.

Study selection Cohort studies were included.

Data extraction and synthesis Two researchers independently reviewed the studies and extracted the data. Data synthesis was performed via systematic review and meta-analysis of eligible cohort studies. Meta-analysis was performed with the “metan” and “glst” commands in Stata 14.0.

Main outcomes and measures Prostate cancer was the main outcome. It was classified as localised prostate cancer which included localised or non-aggressive cancers; advanced prostate cancer which included advanced or aggressive cancers; or fatal prostate cancer which included fatal/lethal cancers or prostate cancer-specific deaths.

Results Sixteen prospective cohort studies were finally included, with 57 732 cases of prostate cancer and 1 081 586 total cohort members. Higher coffee consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. Compared with the lowest category of coffee consumption, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.91 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.98), I2= 53.2%) for the highest category of coffee consumption. There was a significant linear trend for the association (p=0.006 for linear trend), with a pooled RR of 0.988 (95% CI 0.981 to 0.995) for each increment of one cup of coffee per day. For localised, advanced and fatal prostate cancer, the pooled RRs were 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.99), 0.88 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.09) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.08), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was indicated in this meta-analysis.

Conclusions This study suggests that a higher intake of coffee may be associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer.

  • epidemiology
  • prostate disease
  • nutrition

Data availability statement

Data are available upon reasonable request. The data are available upon request from the corresponding author (wangkefenguro@sina.com)

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038902

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    Data availability statement

    Data are available upon reasonable request. The data are available upon request from the corresponding author (wangkefenguro@sina.com)

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    Footnotes

    • Correction notice This article has been corrected since it first published. The provenance and peer review statement has been included.

    • Contributors KW obtained the funding, developed the research design, interpreted the results and also had primary responsibility for the final content. XC, YZ and ZT analysed the data and interpreted the results. XC and KW drafted manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and approved the manuscript.

    • Funding This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (Grant No 2019-MS-3608) for Kefeng Wang and 345 Talent Project of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University for Kefeng Wang (Grant No M0122).

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.